Ndi mahomoni ati omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzanso kugonana kwa nsomba (Authority)
2.Kodi njira yosinthira kugonana kwa nsomba ndi chiyani?
3.Kodi chinapangitsa kuti nsomba zisinthe n'chiyani?
4.Momwe mungasinthire kugonana kwa nsomba?
5.Kodi mahomoni omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri posintha kugonana kwa nsomba ndi chiyani?
6.Njira zoyendetsera mahomoni
7.Kodi ubwino wa kusintha kwa nsomba ndi chiyani?
8.Kodi kuipa kwa kusintha kwa nsomba pogonana ndi chiyani?
9.Mayalidwe akusintha kugonana kwa nsomba
10.Kuti mugule ma hormoni osintha kugonana kwa nsomba?
11.Riterere
1.Kuthandizira
(1) Tanthauzo la kusintha kwa kugonana kwa nsomba
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(2)Kufunika kosintha kugonana kwa nsomba
Cholinga chachikulu cha kusintha kwa kugonana kwa nsomba ndi kuonjezera kuberekana kwa ana ndi kulimbikitsa khalidwe logonana mwa anthu. Akatswiri a vertebrate amakhulupirira kuti kusintha kwa kugonana kumakhala kosiyana ndi nsomba chifukwa cha kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa zinyama zapamwamba. Kafukufuku wa sayansi wasonyeza kuti mahomoni achilendo amatha kusintha kugonana kwa nsomba zomwe sizimamva kusintha kumeneku. Ndi chithandizo choyenera, nsomba zazing'ono ndi zazikulu zimatha kusinthidwa kukhala monophyletic kapena primary monophyletic populations. Monga nsomba zachimuna zimakhala zolemera komanso zimakula mofulumira kusiyana ndi zazikazi, teknoloji yoyang'anira kugonana nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti achulukitse zokolola ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nsomba pamene akuwonetsetsa chitetezo cha mahomoni achilendo kuti anthu adye.
2.Kodi njira yosinthira kugonana kwa nsomba ndi chiyani?
Nsomba zimayang'anira ntchito yawo yoberekera ndikuzindikira phenotype yawo yomaliza mwa kuwongolera kakulidwe ndi kusiyanitsa kwa majeremusi. Kuwongolera kwa mahomoni ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakuchita izi ndipo kumaphatikizapo ma axes a hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) ndi hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT).
HPG axis imaphatikizapo kutulutsidwa kwa gonadotropin-releasing factor (GnRH) ndi hypothalamus, yomwe imapangitsa kuti pituitary gland itulutse gonadotropin (GTH) yomwe imagwira ntchito pa gonads kulimbikitsa kaphatikizidwe ndi katulutsidwe ka estrogen ndi mahomoni komanso kuchuluka ndi kusasitsa kwa mahomoni. majeremusi. HPT axis imaphatikizapo kutulutsidwa kwa thyrotropin-releasing factor (TRH) ndi hypothalamus, yomwe imapangitsa kuti pituitary gland itulutse mahomoni olimbikitsa a chithokomiro (TSH), omwe amakhudza chithokomiro cha chithokomiro kuti alimbikitse kaphatikizidwe ndi kutulutsa kwa mahomoni a chithokomiro. sinthani systemic metabolism. Ndemanga zochokera ku estrogen ndi mahomoni a chithokomiro amayang'anira ntchito ya hypothalamus ndi pituitary gland kuti ikhalebe yokhazikika.
Nsomba zikakumana ndi zinthu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kugonana kusinthe, monga chilengedwe kapena majini, machitidwe awiriwa amasintha, kusokoneza mgwirizano woyambirira wa amuna ndi akazi ndi kuyambitsa mndandanda wa jini, kuchuluka kwa maselo, ndi kukonzanso minofu yomwe pamapeto pake imayambitsa kusintha kwa kugonana. .
· Nsomba ikasintha kuchoka yaimuna kupita yaikazi, imatha kudutsa njira izi:
①Kuwonongeka kwa mawonekedwe a amuna: ma testicular anayamba kuchepa, kupanga umuna kunachepa kapena kuima, ma testicular stromal cell amachepa kapena kutha, ndipo ma testosterone amachepa.
②Mawonekedwe a akazi: Ovarian primordia imayamba kuwonjezeka, ma oocyte amayamba kuwonjezereka kapena kutsitsimuka, maselo a ovarian stromal amayamba kuonekera kapena kuwonjezeka, ndipo milingo ya estradiol imakula.
③Makhalidwe okhazikika achikazi: ovary okhazikika bwino, ovulation wamba, ovulation cycle kukhazikitsidwa, milingo yokhazikika ya estradiol, ndi zina zambiri.
· Nsomba ikatembenuka kuchoka yaikazi kupita yaimuna, imatha kudutsa njira zingapo:
①Kuchepa kwa mawonekedwe achikazi: mazira amayamba kuchepa, ma oocyte amayamba kuchepa kapena kuchepa, maselo a ovarian stromal amachepetsa kapena kutha, ndipo milingo ya estradiol imachepa, ndi zina zotero.
②Mawonekedwe a amuna: testicular primordia imayamba kuchuluka, spermatogonia imayamba kuchulukira kapena kutsitsimuka, ma testicular stromal cell amayamba kuwoneka kapena kuwonjezereka, ndipo milingo ya testosterone imakula.
③Makhalidwe okhazikika aamuna: ma testes okhazikika bwino, kupanga umuna wamba, machitidwe okweretsa, milingo yokhazikika ya testosterone, ndi zina zambiri.
3.Kodi chinapangitsa kuti nsomba zisinthe n'chiyani?
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(1) Gene:
Njira yodziwira za kugonana kwa nyama kumatanthauza kuti zinthu zakunja za chilengedwe sizimakhudza momwe amasiyanitsira kugonana, ndipo majini amtundu wa ma chromosome ogonana amatsimikizira izi. Jini yodziwira kugonana imayang'anira "njira yotsimikiza" ndikuyambitsa zochitika zosiyanasiyana zosiyanitsa kugonana. Njira yodziwira kugonana kwa chibadwa imaphatikizapo kuyanjana kovuta kwa zochitika zamoyo, pamene zigawo zina kapena kuphatikizika kwa zigawo zomwe zili mumsewu zimatha kukhala zinthu zazikulu zomwe zimatsimikizira mayendedwe okhudzana ndi kugonana.
(2) Kutentha:
Pakuswa mazira a nsomba, pamakhala nthawi yosamva kutentha (TSP), pomwe malangizo a kusiyanitsa kwa kugonana ndi chiŵerengero cha kugonana angasinthidwe ndi kukweza kapena kuchepetsa kutentha, kunyalanyaza mphamvu ya majini. Kusintha kwa jenda kumatha kuchitika, monga momwe zimawonekera ku Nile tilapia, komwe akazi obadwa nawo amatha kukhala amuna obadwa nawo ngati athandizidwa pa kutentha kwa 36°C panthawi ya TSP. Ma gonads a Nile tilapia amasintha kuchoka ku ovarian kupita ku testicular patatha masiku 21-39 umuna utatha, ndipo ma gonads aakazi obadwa nawo amasanduka ma testes enieni ngati amachiritsidwa ndi kutentha kwakukulu patatha masiku 99 pambuyo pa umuna, monga momwe VASA immunohistochemical staining ikusonyezera.
(3) Mahomoni akunja:
Nsomba zimakhala ndi pulasitiki yolimba pogonana, ndipo malo akunja amatha kusinthidwa kuti asinthe phenotype ya nsomba. Njira ziwiri zazikulu zolimbikitsira nsomba kuti zisinthe zimaphatikizanso kuwonjezera mahomoni kapena zoletsa. Mahomoni achilendo amasintha mwachindunji kuchuluka kwa mahomoni kuti apangitse kusintha kwa kugonana, pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala omwe amapezeka monga 17-methyltestosterone, 11-ketotestosterone, 17-estradiol, pakati pa ena. Kapenanso, mankhwala osokoneza bongo amasokoneza mahomoni ndi zolandilira m'thupi, kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa mahomoni ogonana a nsomba, monga aromatase inhibitors.
4.Momwe mungasinthire kugonana kwa nsomba?
Njira zazikulu zokwaniritsira kusinthika kwa kugonana kwa nsomba ndi monga kulowetsa mahomoni akunja, kusintha kwa chilengedwe, ndi kusintha kwa majini.
(1) Kulowetsedwa kwa ma hormone kunja
Exogenous hormone induction imaphatikizapo kubayidwa kapena kuyika kwa mahomoni achimuna kapena aakazi mu nsomba, zomwe zimasintha ma gonads awo ndipo pamapeto pake kugonana kwawo. Njirayi imalola kuti pakhale kuwongolera kwachiwerengero cha kugonana ndi uchembere wa nsomba, kupititsa patsogolo ulimi. Mahomoni omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri amaphatikizapo 17-Methyltestosterone, ketotestosterone (11-KT), 17-estradiol (E2) ndi Letrozole.
(2) Kusintha kwa chilengedwe
Chikoka cha chilengedwe chimakhudza kuwongolera kutentha, kuwala, kachulukidwe, kadyedwe, ndi zina za chilengedwe cha nsomba kuti zikhudze kuchuluka kwa timadzi tating'ono ting'onoting'ono ndi ma jini, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kusintha kwa kugonana. Ngakhale kuti ndi zachilengedwe, njirayi ndi yosasinthika komanso yodziwikiratu poyerekeza ndi kulowetsedwa kwa mahomoni akunja.
(3) Kusokoneza ma gene
Kusokoneza ma gene kumaphatikizapo kusintha kapena kusamutsa ma chromosome kapena majini a nsomba kuti akhale ndi majini odziwira kuti ndi amuna kapena akazi kapena opanda ma jini ofunika kwambiri, kulola kuti kugonana kusinthe. Njirayi ili ndi kuthekera kopanga zovuta ndi mawonekedwe atsopano, koma ndizovuta mwaukadaulo ndipo zimatha kudzutsa nkhawa zachitetezo ndi chikhalidwe.
5.Kodi mahomoni omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri posintha kugonana kwa nsomba ndi chiyani?
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(1) 17-Methyltestosterone ufa
· Kodi 17-Methyltestosterone powder ndi chiyani?
17-Methyltestosterone yomwe imadziwikanso kuti 17-alpha-Methyltestosterone, 17a-MT, methyltest kapena monga 17α-methylandrost-4-en-17β-ol-3-one, ndi mahomoni opangidwa ndi androgen omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazinthu zosiyanasiyana zachipatala komanso zopanda mankhwala. Ndi mawonekedwe osinthidwa a testosterone omwe amatengedwa pamlomo ngati ufa. Mankhwalawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza matenda monga kuchedwa kutha msinkhu, kuchepa kwa testosterone, khansa ya m'mawere mwa amayi, ndi kusintha kwa kugonana kwa nsomba.
· Kodi 17-Methyltestosterone powder amagwiritsidwa ntchito bwanji?
17-Methyltestosterone ufa ndi njira yopangira mahomoni amphongo a testosterone. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala pochiza matenda osiyanasiyana okhudzana ndi kuchepa kwa testosterone, monga kuchedwa kutha msinkhu mwa amuna ndi khansa ya m'mawere mwa amayi. Nthawi zina amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupititsa patsogolo masewera olimbitsa thupi kapena monga chowonjezera kuti awonjezere minofu. Kuonjezera apo, 17-methyltestosterone imagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri paulimi wa nsomba kuti akwaniritse cholinga chobwezeretsa kugonana kwa nsomba.
①Kagwiritsidwe ntchito pachipatala
M'malo azachipatala, 17 Methyltestosterone ufa nthawi zambiri amaperekedwa kwa odwala amuna omwe akuchedwa kutha msinkhu. Matendawa amapezeka pamene thupi silitulutsa testosterone yokwanira, zomwe zingayambitse kuchedwa kwa ziwalo zoberekera, kusowa kwa tsitsi la thupi, ndi minofu yosakula. Powonjezera ndi 17 Methyltestosterone powder, odwala amatha kuwonjezereka m'magulu a testosterone, omwe angalimbikitse chitukuko cha makhalidwe achiwerewere achiwiri monga tsitsi la nkhope ndi mawu ozama.
Kuonjezera apo, 17 Methyltestosterone ufa nthawi zina amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza khansa ya m'mawere mwa amayi. Mankhwalawa amagwira ntchito poletsa kupangika kwa estrogen, yomwe ndi timadzi tambiri toyambitsa matenda a khansa ya m'mawere. Pochepetsa milingo ya estrogen, 17 Methyltestosterone ufa ukhoza kuthandizira kuchepetsa kukula kwa khansa ndikuwonjezera mwayi wa wodwalayo kuti achire.
②Kugwiritsa ntchito mopanda mankhwala
Kunja kwa zochitika zachipatala, 17 Methyltestosterone ufa nthawi zina amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi othamanga ndi omanga thupi ngati mankhwala opititsa patsogolo ntchito. Amakhulupirira kuti amawonjezera minofu, mphamvu, ndi kupirira, zomwe zingathandize othamanga kupititsa patsogolo masewera awo. Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito ufa wa 17 Methyltestosterone mwa njira iyi sikuloledwa ndipo kungayambitse zotsatira zoopsa za thanzi.
③ Kugwiritsa ntchito ulimi wa m'madzi
MT (17α-Methyltestosterone) ndi androgen yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti 100% chiwerengero cha amuna chikhoza kupezeka pogwiritsa ntchito 50 ug / g MT kuchiza Oreochromis niloticus wamkazi; pogwiritsa ntchito 400 ug/ml wa MT pochiza kuswa Oncorhynchus tshawytscha atha kupeza 100% kuchuluka kwa amuna; feteleza Cyprinus carpio adathandizidwa ndi 5 ug/ml ya MT yonyowa njira kwa maola 75 kenako kudyetsedwa ndi 50 mg/kg ya MT tsiku lililonse kwa 40 mpaka masiku 70, ndipo 100% ana aamuna amatha kupezeka.
· Ndi nsomba ziti zomwe nthawi zambiri zimathandizidwa ndi ufa wa 17-methyltestosterone?
Pali mitundu ingapo ya nsomba zomwe nthawi zambiri zimathandizidwa ndi MT, kuphatikiza tilapia, trout, ndi nsomba za Atlantic.
① Tilapia
Tilapia ndi imodzi mwa nsomba zomwe zimawetedwa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo MT imagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri posintha zogonana paulimi wa tilapia. Tilapia ndi nsomba ya m’madzi ofunda yomwe imachokera ku Africa ndipo tsopano ikulimidwa m’madera ambiri padziko lapansi. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa MT pa ulimi wa tilapia kwathandiza alimi kutulutsa nsomba za amuna onse, zomwe zimakula mofulumira komanso zofunika kwambiri pazamalonda.
②Trout ya utawaleza
Rainbow trout ndi nsomba yodziwika bwino yomwe imalimidwanso kuti apange chakudya. MT nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito posinthana kugonana paulimi wa utawaleza kuti apange nsomba za amuna onse. Mchitidwewu umathandizira kuti ntchito zoweta nsomba zikhale zogwira mtima pochepetsa kuchuluka kwa chakudya ndi zinthu zofunika pakuweta nsomba.
③ Nsomba ya Atlantic
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(2)ketotestosterone (11-KT)
· Ketotestosterone (11-KT) ndi chiyani?
Ketotestosterone (11-KT) ndi mahomoni achilengedwe a androgen omwe amapangidwa mu testes ndi adrenal glands a nsomba. Ndi androgen yamphamvu yomwe imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakukula kwa ziwalo zoberekera za amuna, mawonekedwe achiwiri ogonana, komanso machitidwe a nsomba. Ketotestosterone (11-KT) ndi yofanana ndi testosterone koma imakhala ndi mgwirizano wapamwamba wa androgen receptors, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti androgen ikhale yamphamvu kuposa testosterone.
Kodi Ketotestosterone (11-KT) amagwiritsidwa ntchito chiyani?
Ketotestosterone, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti 11-KT, ndi hormone yomwe imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pa zoberekera za nyama zambiri, makamaka nsomba ndi amphibians. Ndi mtundu wa androgen, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ndizomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mawonekedwe a amuna.
①Kusintha kugonana kwa nsomba
Chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi ketotestosterone (11-KT) ndikulowetsa kusintha kwa kugonana mu nsomba. Hormoni iyi imakhala yothandiza kwambiri pakupangitsa kusintha kwa kugonana kwa amuna ndi akazi mu nsomba, makamaka zamoyo monga tilapia, salmon, ndi catfish.
②Kupititsa patsogolo kukula kwa nsomba
Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti ketotestosterone (11-KT) ikhoza kulimbikitsa kukula kwa hormone ndi insulini-monga kukula kwa nsomba, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ziwonjezeke mofulumira komanso kuwonjezeka kwa thupi.
③Kupititsa patsogolo chitetezo chamthupi cha nsomba
Ketotestosterone (11-KT) yasonyezedwa kuti ili ndi immunomodulatory properties mu nsomba, kutanthauza kuti ingathandize kusintha chitetezo cha mthupi cha nsomba ku matenda ndi matenda. Izi ndizofunikira makamaka m'malo odyetserako zam'madzi, pomwe nsomba nthawi zambiri zimakumana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso zovuta zachilengedwe zomwe zimatha kufooketsa chitetezo chawo.
• Ndi nsomba ziti zomwe nthawi zambiri zimathandizidwa ndi 11-KT?
Mitundu ya nsomba monga tilapia, catfish, ndi salmonids nthawi zambiri imathandizidwa ndi 11-KT.
① Tilapia
Mu tilapia, 11-KT imagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga amuna onse kuti apange malonda. Tilapia ndi nsomba yamtengo wapatali kwambiri, ndipo kupanga mitundu yambiri ya amuna ndikofunika kuti ulimi ukhale wabwino. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa 11-KT mu tilapia kwapezeka kuti n'kothandiza popanga amuna omwe ali ndi kukula kwakukulu, kudya bwino, komanso kukana matenda.
②Mphaka
Mu nsomba zam'madzi, 11-KT imagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga amuna omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito poweta. Izi zili choncho chifukwa amuna amakula mofulumira komanso amasinthasintha bwino chakudya kusiyana ndi akazi. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa 11-KT mu nsomba zam'madzi kwapezekanso kuti n'kothandiza popanga amuna omwe ali ndi makhalidwe apamwamba, monga kukana matenda komanso kupititsa patsogolo nyama.
③ Salmonids
Mu Salmonids, monga trout ndi salimoni, amathandizidwanso ndi 11-KT. Mu mitundu ya nsombazi, 11-KT imagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga amuna omwe amakula mwachangu kuti apange malonda. Kuphatikiza apo, 11-KT imagwiritsidwanso ntchito kupanga amuna kuti azingowedza nsomba, popeza nsomba za salimoni zaamuna nthawi zambiri zimakhala zofunika kwambiri kwa osodza.
(3) Estradiol-17 beta
Kodi Estradiol-17 beta ndi chiyani?
Estradiol-17 beta ndi mahomoni achilengedwe a estrogen omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazamoyo zam'madzi posintha kugonana kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nsomba. Hormone iyi imagwira ntchito polimbikitsa kukula kwa mawonekedwe achikazi ndikuletsa kukula kwa mawonekedwe aamuna mu nsomba.
Kodi Estradiol-17β amagwiritsidwa ntchito chiyani?
Estradiol-17 beta ndi mahomoni omwe amapangidwa mwachilengedwe m'thupi ndipo amakhala m'gulu la mahomoni a estrogen. Zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakukulitsa ndi kusamalira ziwalo zoberekera za amayi komanso mawonekedwe amtundu wachiwiri. Estradiol-17 beta imapezekanso ngati mankhwala ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana zachipatala.
①Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
Chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi Estradiol-17 beta ndi mankhwala obwezeretsa mahomoni (HRT) kwa amayi omwe asiya kusamba. Kutha kwa msambo ndi njira yachilengedwe yachilengedwe yomwe imatsimikizira kutha kwa zaka zakubadwa za mkazi. Amadziwika ndi kuchepa kwa kupanga kwa estrogen, zomwe zingayambitse zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana monga kutentha, kuuma kwa ukazi, ndi kusintha kwa maganizo. HRT yokhala ndi Estradiol-17 beta ingathandize kuthetsa zizindikirozi ndikuchepetsa chiopsezo cha matenda osteoporosis ndi mavuto ena azaumoyo okhudzana ndi kuchepa kwa estrogen.
②Kuchiza khansa ya m'mawere
Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwina kwa beta ya Estradiol-17 ndikuchiza mitundu ina ya khansa ya m'mawere. Estrogen ikhoza kulimbikitsa kukula kwa khansa ya m'mawere, choncho mankhwala omwe amaletsa kupanga kapena ntchito ya estrogen amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthandizira kuchepetsa kapena kuletsa kukula kwa maselo a khansa. Komabe, nthawi zina, Estradiol-17 beta imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza khansa ya m'mawere. Izi zili choncho chifukwa khansa zina za m'mawere zimakhudzidwa ndi estrogen ndipo zimafuna kuti estrogen ikule. Pazifukwa izi, Estradiol-17 beta ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuletsa kupanga kwa estrogen m'thupi, zomwe zingachepetse kapena kuletsa kukula kwa maselo a khansa.
③Kusintha kugonana kwa nsomba
Estradiol-17 beta fish reversal ndi njira yodziwika bwino yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'zamoyo zam'madzi kusokoneza kugonana kwa nsomba pofuna kuchita malonda. Estradiol-17 beta ndi mahomoni opangidwa omwe amatsanzira ma estrogen achilengedwe m'thupi, omwe amatenga gawo lofunikira pakudziwitsa za kugonana kwa nsomba. Popereka hormone iyi pazigawo zapadera za kukula kwa nsomba, ndizotheka kuchititsa kuti nsomba ikhale yachikazi kapena masculinization.
• Ndi nsomba ziti zomwe nthawi zambiri zimathandizidwa ndi Estradiol-17?
Pali mitundu ingapo ya nsomba zomwe nthawi zambiri zimathandizidwa ndi beta estradiol-17, kuphatikiza nsomba zam'madzi, carp, ndi tilapia.
①Channel nsomba zam'madzi
Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) ndi mtundu wa nsomba zodziwika bwino za m'madzi am'madzi zomwe zimamera m'madzi. Mbalame zam'madzi zimakhala ndi maliseche, amuna omwe amakhala ndi ma papillae otalikirapo ndipo akazi amakhala ndi papilla yozungulira, yotuwa kwambiri. M'zamoyo zam'madzi, nsomba zam'madzi zimathandizidwa ndi estradiol-17 beta kuti apange akazi onse. Izi ndichifukwa choti catfish yachikazi imakula mwachangu komanso yayikulu kuposa yaimuna, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yopindulitsa kwambiri pochita malonda.
②Zovuta
Carp (Cyprinus carpio) ndi mtundu wina wotchuka wa nsomba zam'madzi zomwe zimamera m'madzi. Monga nsomba zam'madzi, carp ndi dimorphic pogonana, amuna amakhala ndi ma tubercles pamutu pawo ndipo akazi amakhala ndi thupi lozungulira. M'zamoyo zam'madzi, carp amathandizidwa ndi estradiol-17 beta kuti apange kuchuluka kwa akazi pazifukwa zofanana ndi nsomba zam'madzi.
③Tilapia
Tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) ndi gulu la nsomba za m'madzi opanda mchere zomwe zimalimidwa m'madzi chifukwa cha kukula kwake komanso kulimba kwawo. Tilapia amakhalanso ndi dimorphic pogonana, ndipo amuna amakhala ndi mitundu yowala komanso zipsepse zazitali zam'mimba kuposa zazikazi. Mu ulimi wa m'madzi, tilapia amathandizidwa ndi estradiol-17 beta kuti apange amuna onse. Izi zili choncho chifukwa tilapia yamphongo imakula mofulumira komanso yaikulu kuposa yaikazi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zopindulitsa kwambiri pochita malonda.
(4)Letrozole ufa
Kodi ufa wa Letrozole ndi chiyani?
Letrozole ufa ndi mankhwala omwe ali m'gulu la mankhwala omwe amadziwika kuti aromatase inhibitors. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pochiza khansa ya m'mawere mwa amayi omwe ali ndi postmenopausal. Maselo a khansa ya m'mawere amafuna estrogen kukula, ndi Letrozole Powder letrozole imagwira ntchito poletsa kupanga estrogen m'thupi. Izi zimachepetsa kuchuluka kwa estrogen yomwe imapezeka ku maselo a khansa, kuchepetsa kapena kuletsa kukula kwawo.
Kodi ufa wa Letrozole umagwiritsidwa ntchito bwanji?
Letrozole ufa ndi m'gulu la mankhwala omwe amadziwika kuti aromatase inhibitors, omwe amagwira ntchito pochepetsa kuchuluka kwa estrogen yomwe imapangidwa m'thupi. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pochiza khansa ya m'mawere ya amayi ndi kusabereka. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, imagwiranso ntchito pa kusintha kwa kugonana kwa nsomba.
①Kuchiza khansa ya m'mawere
Letrozole Powder ndi mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza khansa ya m'mawere. Zingathandizenso kuteteza khansa ya m'mawere kuti ibwererenso. Amaperekedwa makamaka kwa amayi omwe adadutsa kale ndipo ali ndi mtundu wa khansa yotchedwa "hormone-dependent" khansa ya m'mawere.
②Kulimbikitsa ndi Kuchulukitsa Ovulation
Kuphatikiza pa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake mu chithandizo cha khansa ya m'mawere, ufa wa letrozole ungagwiritsidwenso ntchito pochiza kusabereka. Kwa amayi omwe akuvutika kuti akhale ndi pakati, letrozole ingathandize kulimbikitsa kutuluka kwa ovulation mwa kupondereza kupanga kwa thupi kwa estrogen. Pochepetsa kuchuluka kwa estrogen m'thupi, letrozole ikhoza kulimbikitsa kupanga follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), yomwe imayambitsa kuyambitsa ovulation.
③Kukwaniritsa kusintha kwa kugonana kwa nsomba
Letrozole ndi mankhwala omwe adziwika kwambiri m'makampani opanga zam'madzi chifukwa cha kuthekera kwake kupangitsa kuti nsomba zisinthe. Kusintha kugonana ndi njira yomwe mawonekedwe ogonana a nsomba amasinthidwa, makamaka kuchokera kwa yaikazi kupita yamphongo, kapena mosemphanitsa. Njirayi imakhala ndi ntchito zambiri pazaulimi, kuphatikizapo kupanga amuna onse, zomwe zingathe kuonjezera kukula ndi kuchepetsa nkhani zokhudzana ndi kubereka.
Letrozole imagwira ntchito poletsa kupanga estrogen, timadzi timene timagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakupanga mawonekedwe a kugonana kwa akazi. Pochepetsa kuchuluka kwa estrogen m'thupi la nsomba, letrozole imatha kuyambitsa kukula kwa mikhalidwe ya amuna, monga ma testes ndi mawonekedwe achiwiri ogonana amuna.
Kodi ndi nsomba ziti zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi letrozole?
Letrozole amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyambitsa mamuna mu mitundu ya nsomba zazikazi, monga tilapia, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimalimidwa chifukwa cha nyama yawo.
① Tilapia
Tilapia ndi imodzi mwa nsomba zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi letrozole. Mankhwalawa amawonjezeredwa ku chakudya cha nsomba, ndipo pakapita nthawi, amachititsa kuti nsomba zachikazi zikhale ndi makhalidwe aamuna, monga kuchuluka kwa minofu ndi mawonekedwe a thupi. Njira imeneyi imatchedwa “kubwezeretsa kugonana,” ndipo n’chizoloŵezi chofala m’makampani opanga nsomba za m’madzi kupanga nsomba zokhala ndi makhalidwe abwino.
②Mphaka ndi barramundi
Mitundu ina ya nsomba zomwe zimathandizidwa ndi letrozole ndi nsomba zam'madzi ndi barramundi. Mwa mitundu iyi, letrozole imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'anira nthawi yobereka. Popereka letrozole kwa nsomba zazikazi, akatswiri amadzi amatha kuchedwetsa kutha msinkhu ndikuwonjezera nthawi yomwe nsomba zimatha kukolola. Izi zimathandiza kugwiritsa ntchito bwino zinthu komanso kukolola nsomba zambiri.
6.Njira zoyendetsera mahomoni
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Zosungidwa zolemekezeka kwambiri zochokera ku National Institutes of HealthPitani ku gwero
(1) Kuwongolera pakamwa
Kuwongolera pakamwa kumaphatikizapo kusakaniza mahomoni ndi chakudya ndikupereka pakamwa ku nsomba. Njirayi ndiyosavutikira komanso yovutitsa kwambiri kuposa jekeseni, koma imafuna kuti nsomba zizidya chakudya chopangidwa ndi mahomoni nthawi zonse, zomwe zingakhale zovuta kukwaniritsa. Komanso, mlingo wa mahomoni ukhoza kusiyana pakati pa nsomba imodzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zotsatira zosagwirizana.
(2) Jekeseni
Kubaya jekeseni kumaphatikizapo kubaya jekeseni wa timadzi ta m’minyewa ya nsombayo. Njirayi ndi yothandiza kwambiri komanso yodalirika, popeza hormone imaperekedwa mwachindunji m'magazi. Komabe, pamafunika luso komanso ukadaulo kuti jekeseniyo ajambule bwino, ndipo imatha kuyambitsa kupsinjika ndi kuwonongeka kwa minofu ya nsomba.
(3) Kumiza
Kumiza kumaphatikizapo kumiza nsomba m'bafa lomwe lili ndi mankhwala a mahomoni. Njira imeneyi ndiyo yowongoka komanso yosavuta kuchita, chifukwa imafunika kugwira nsomba zochepa. Ndizoyeneranso ntchito zazikulu. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa mahomoni ndi nthawi yowonekera ziyenera kuyang'aniridwa mosamala kuti zisawononge thanzi la nsomba ndi moyo.
Pomaliza, kusankha njira yoyendetsera mahomoni kumatengera zinthu zingapo, kuphatikiza mitundu ya nsomba, kuchuluka kwa anthu, komanso zinthu zomwe zilipo. Mosasamala kanthu za njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito, kayendetsedwe ka mahomoni ndi chida champhamvu chothandizira kusintha kwa kugonana mu nsomba, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale chiwerengero cha amuna onse kuti azikhala m'madzi.
7.Kodi ubwino wa kusintha kwa nsomba ndi chiyani?
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Zosungidwa zolemekezeka kwambiri zochokera ku National Institutes of HealthPitani ku gwero
(1) Kuletsa jenda la nsomba
Ubwino umodzi wa kusintha kwa kugonana kwa nsomba ndikuti umalola kuwongolera jenda la nsomba. Izi ndi zofunika kwambiri pa ulimi wa m’madzi chifukwa zimathandiza alimi kupanga nsomba zamtundu womwe akufuna, zomwe zingawonjezere mphamvu ndi phindu la ulimi wa nsomba. Mwachitsanzo, tilapia yamphongo imakula mofulumira ndipo imakhala ndi zokolola zambiri kuposa zazikazi, choncho kusinthana kwa kugonana kungagwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga chiwerengero cha amuna onse kuti akule bwino.
(2) Zokolola zambiri ndi phindu
Ubwino wina wa kusintha kwa kugonana kwa nsomba ndikuti ukhoza kubweretsa zokolola zambiri komanso phindu. Popanga nsomba zamtundu womwe akufuna, alimi atha kukulitsa luso la ntchito zawo ndi kupanga nsomba zambiri kuti zigulitsidwe. Izi zitha kubweretsa phindu lalikulu kwa alimi komanso kupezeka kwa nsomba zambiri kwa ogula.
(3) Kuchepetsa mphamvu ya chilengedwe
Kuphatikiza pa zabwino izi, kusintha kwa kugonana kwa nsomba kungayambitsenso kuchepa kwa chilengedwe. Popanga chiwerengero cha amuna onse, alimi akhoza kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha nsomba zomwe zimayenera kudulidwa, zomwe zingachepetse zinyalala komanso kupewa zotsatira zoyipa zomwe zingawononge chilengedwe.
8.Kodi kuipa kwa kusintha kwa nsomba pogonana ndi chiyani?
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Zosungidwa zolemekezeka kwambiri zochokera ku National Institutes of HealthPitani ku gwero
(1)Mahomoni otsalira m’za nsomba
Vuto limodzi lomwe lingakhalepo ndi kukhalapo kwa zotsalira za mahomoni muzakudya za nsomba. Zotsalirazi zitha kubweretsa chiwopsezo cha thanzi kwa ogula ndipo zingayambitsenso nkhawa za chitetezo ndi mtundu wa nsomba.
(2)Zoyipa zomwe zingawononge thanzi la nsomba ndi machitidwe
Kuipa kwina komwe kungachitike chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nsomba ndi kuwononga thanzi la nsomba. Nsomba zomwe zimasintha pogonana zimatha kukhala ndi kusintha kwa thupi ndi machitidwe awo, zomwe zingayambitse matenda kapena zovuta zina.
(3) Kuopsa kwa kuipitsidwa kwa mahomoni m'chilengedwe
Pomaliza, pali chiwopsezo cha kuipitsidwa kwa mahomoni m'chilengedwe. Mahomoni omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito posintha kugonana kwa nsomba amatha kulowa m'chilengedwe ndikusokoneza zamoyo zina, zomwe zingayambitse kusokonezeka kwa chilengedwe ndi zovuta zina zachilengedwe.
9.Mayalidwe akusintha kugonana kwa nsomba
Kubwezeretsanso nsomba zogonana ndi njira yofunikira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito poweta zam'madzi kuti ipangitse amuna onse kuti akule mwachangu komanso kuti asatengeke ndi matenda. Komabe, kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa mahomoni poweta nsomba kwadzutsa nkhaŵa ponena za kutha kwa thanzi ndi chilengedwe. Choncho, malamulo okhudza kusintha kwa kugonana kwa nsomba ndizofunikira kuti zitsimikizire chitetezo ndi kukhazikika kwa mchitidwewu.
(1) Malamulo ndi malangizo ogwiritsira ntchito mahomoni pazamoyo zam'madzi
Malamulo ndi malangizo ogwiritsira ntchito mahomoni pazamoyo zam'madzi amasiyana pakati pa mayiko ndi zigawo. Mwachitsanzo, European Union ili ndi malamulo okhwima okhudza kugwiritsa ntchito mahomoni m'zamoyo zam'madzi ndipo amafuna chilolezo asanagwiritse ntchito. Ku United States, bungwe la Food and Drug Administration limayang'anira kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka mahomoni muzamoyo zam'madzi kudzera mu Center for Veterinary Medicine. Malamulowa ndi malangizowa akufuna kuonetsetsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mahomoni poweta nsomba ndikotetezeka kuti anthu adye komanso kuti asawononge chilengedwe.
(2) Kuyang'anira ndi kuyang'anira zotsalira za timadzi mu nsomba ndi chilengedwe
Kuyang'anira ndi kuyang'anira zotsalira za mahomoni muzakudya za nsomba ndi chilengedwe ndikofunikanso kuti awone zoopsa zomwe zingakhalepo zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mahomoni muzamoyo zam'madzi. Zotsalira za mahomoni zimatha kuwunjikana mu minofu ya nsomba ndipo zimatha kusamutsidwa kwa anthu omwe amazidya. Choncho, kuyang'anira zotsalira za timadzi mu nsomba ndizofunikira kuti zitsimikizire kuti ndizotetezeka kuti anthu azidya. Kuphatikiza apo, kuyang'anira zotsalira za mahomoni m'chilengedwe kumatha kuthandizira kuzindikira komwe kungayambitse kuipitsa ndikuwunika momwe chilengedwe chimakhudzira chilengedwe.
10.Kuti mugule ma hormoni osintha kugonana kwa nsomba?
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Zosungidwa zolemekezeka kwambiri zochokera ku National Institutes of HealthPitani ku gwero
(1) AdvaCare:kampani yopanga mankhwala ndi zaumoyo yomwe imapereka mahomoni ogonana pofuna kusintha kugonana kwa nsomba m'mapiritsi monga 17-Alpha-Methyltestosterone ndi Letrozole. Mapiritsi a 17-methyltestosterone ndi 5 mg pa mlingo, ndi mapiritsi a 10 pa bokosi, pamene mapiritsi a letrozole ndi 2.5 mg pa mlingo, ndi mapiritsi a 10 pa bokosi.
(2)AASraw:kampani yomwe imagwira ntchito yopanga mankhwala opangira mankhwala opangira mankhwala (APIs) omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mayesero achipatala, kuphatikizapo 17-methyltestosterone ndi letrozole yaiwisi ya ufa. Iwo ali ndi kuthekera kokonza zopanga zazikulu ndikukwaniritsa zosowa zakugwiritsa ntchito pang'ono. Ndi akatswiri ofufuza ndi chitukuko, amaonetsetsa kuti 17-methyltestosterone ndi letrozole ndi yabwino komanso yoyera. Amakhalanso ndi fakitale yodziyimira pawokha kuti atsimikizire kupezeka kwazinthu ndikuyesa mosamalitsa asanagulitse zida.
(3)Kabir Life Sciences: nsanja yodziwika bwino yomwe imapereka mankhwala apamwamba kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito mautumiki osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo kupanga mankhwala, PCD franchise, ndi kutumiza katundu wawo kumayiko ena. Amapereka mahomoni okhudzana ndi kugonana kwa nsomba, monga Ketotestosterone ndi estradiol-17 beta mu mawonekedwe a piritsi, ndipo ndondomeko yeniyeni ingapezeke pa dongosolo.
*Kusamala: Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kugulitsa zinthuzi kumayendetsedwa ndi malamulo, ndipo kuzipeza popanda chilolezo chovomerezeka n'koletsedwa ndipo kungakhale koopsa. Anthu omwe akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito 17-methyltestosterone ndi letrozole pazifukwa zachipatala ayenera kufunsa katswiri wazachipatala yemwe ali ndi chilolezo yemwe angapereke chitsogozo pakugwiritsa ntchito moyenera komanso magwero a mankhwalawa. Ndikofunikira kutsatira malangizo onse achitetezo ndi malamulo kuti mupewe zotsatira zoyipa.
【Chidziwitso】
[1] Li SJ, Zhang YJ, Chai XS, Nie MF, Zhou YY, Chen JL, et al. Letrozole Ovulation Induction: Njira Yogwira Ntchito mu Kukonzekera kwa Endometrial kwa Frozen-Thawed Embryo Transfer. Arch Gynecol Obstetrics (2014) 289:687–93. doi: 10.1007/s00404-013-3044-0
[2] Weil SJ, Vendola K, Zhou J, Adesanya OO, Wang J, Okafor J, et al. Androgen Receptor Gene Expression mu Primate Ovary: Ma Cellular Localization, Regulation, and Functional Correlations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab (1998) 83: 2479-85. doi: 10.1210/jcem.83.7.4917
[3] Cytogenetic poizoni ndi zotsatira za gonadal za 17 α-methyltestosterone mu Astyanax bimaculatus (Characidae) ndi Oreochromis niloticus (Cichlidae) .Rivero-Wendt CL, Miranda-Vilela AL, Ferreira MF, Borges AM, Grisolia CK.Genet Mol Res. 2013 Sep 23;12(3):3862-70. doi:10.4238/2013.September.23.4.PMID: 24085447
[4] Franks S, Adams J, Mason H, Polson D. Ovulatory Disorders mwa Akazi Omwe Ali ndi Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Clin Obstet Gynaecol (1985) 12:605-32. doi: 10.1016/S0306-3356(21)00138-2
[5] Kuperewera kwa genotoxicity mu Astyanax bimaculatus ndi Oreochromis niloticus ya 17α-methyltestosterone yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga nsomba kuti apange amuna amtundu wa monosex.Rivero-Wendt CL, Miranda-Vilela AL, Ferreira MF, Amorim FS, da Silva VA, Louvandini H, Grisolia CK. Genet Mol Res. 2013 Oct 24;12(4):5013-22. doi: 10.4238/2013.October.24.14. PMID: 24301763
[6] Ruzicka L, Goldberg MW, Rosenberg HR (1935).Sex Hormones Herstellung des 17-Methyl-testosterons und anderer Androsten- und Androstanderivate.Zusammenhänge zwischen chemischer Konstitution und männlicher Hormonwirkung (18)–1”.
[7] Biljan MM, Hemmings R, Brassard N (2005). "Zotsatira za Ana 150 Pambuyo pa Chithandizo ndi Letrozole kapena Letrozole ndi Gonadotropins". Utsi ndi Wofooka.makumi atatu:
[8] Pretorius, Elzette; Arlt, Wiebke; Storbeck, Karl-Heinz (2016). "Kucha kwatsopano kwa ma androgens: Maphunziro atsopano kuchokera ku 11-oxygenated C19 steroids". Maselo ndi Ma Cellular Endocrinology. 441:76-85 .
[9] Nagahama Y, Miura T, Kobayashi T (1994). "Kuyamba kwa spermatogenesis mu nsomba". Ciba Found. Chizindikiro. Novartis Foundation Symposia. 182: 255–67, kukambirana 267–70.
[10] Carani C, Qin K, Simoni M, Faustini-Fustini M, Serpente S, Boyd J, et al. (July 1997). "Zotsatira za testosterone ndi estradiol mwa munthu yemwe ali ndi vuto la aromatase". The New England Journal of Medicine. 337 (2): 91–5.
AASraw ndi katswiri wopanga Letrozole powder & 17-methyltestosterone powder yomwe ili ndi labu yodziyimira payokha ndi fakitale yayikulu monga chithandizo, zonse zopanga zizichitika motsogozedwa ndi CGMP ndikuwongolera kachitidwe kabwino. Dongosolo loperekera ndi lokhazikika, malonda onse ogulitsa ndi ogulitsa ndi ovomerezeka.Mwalandiridwa kuti mudziwe zambiri za AASraw!
Ndifikitseni Tsopano
