Ndi mahomoni ati omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzanso kugonana kwa nsomba (Authority)

Ndi Ma Hormoni ati Omwe Amagwiritsidwa Ntchito Poyambitsa Kugonana mu Nsomba? (Akuluakulu)

Posted on 03/10/2023 by Dr. Monique adalembamo Gallery.

" Nsomba zimayang'anira chitukuko ndi kusiyanitsa kwa maselo a majeremusi kuti athetse ntchito yawo yoberekera ndikuzindikira phenotype yawo yomaliza. Kuwongolera kwa mahomoni, komwe kumakhudza hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) ndi hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axs (HPT) ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pa izi. "

1.Kuthandizira
2.Kodi njira yosinthira kugonana kwa nsomba ndi chiyani?
3.Kodi chinapangitsa kuti nsomba zisinthe n'chiyani?
4.Momwe mungasinthire kugonana kwa nsomba?
5.Kodi mahomoni omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri posintha kugonana kwa nsomba ndi chiyani?
6.Njira zoyendetsera mahomoni
7.Kodi ubwino wa kusintha kwa nsomba ndi chiyani?
8.Kodi kuipa kwa kusintha kwa nsomba pogonana ndi chiyani?
9.Mayalidwe akusintha kugonana kwa nsomba
10.Kuti mugule ma hormoni osintha kugonana kwa nsomba?
11.Riterere

Introduction

(1) Tanthauzo la kusintha kwa kugonana kwa nsomba

Kusintha kugonana kwa nsomba kumatanthawuza kuthekera kwa nsomba kuti zisinthe momwe zimakhalira poyamba pazifukwa zina, zomwe zimapangitsa kusintha kuchoka kwa mwamuna kupita kwa mkazi, wamkazi kukhala wamwamuna, kapena onse awiri nthawi imodzi. Njira zenizeni ndi zifukwa zomwe zimachititsa kuti nsomba zibwererenso sizikudziwika bwino, koma amakhulupirira kuti zimakhudzidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo majini, chilengedwe, ndi mahomoni. Mitundu yambiri ya nsomba imawonetsa kusintha kogonana mwachilengedwe kapena mongoyerekeza, kuphatikiza magulu, snappers, eels, ndi tilapias. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa njira zosinthira kugonana mu ulimi wa m'madzi ndi kasungidwe ka zinthu za m'madzi kuli ndi ubwino wambiri, monga kupititsa patsogolo zokolola ndi ubwino wa nsomba, komanso zimathandizira kuti ma genetic achuluke komanso kusinthasintha.

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(2)Kufunika kosintha kugonana kwa nsomba

Cholinga chachikulu cha kusintha kwa kugonana kwa nsomba ndi kuonjezera kuberekana kwa ana ndi kulimbikitsa khalidwe logonana mwa anthu. Akatswiri a vertebrate amakhulupirira kuti kusintha kwa kugonana kumakhala kosiyana ndi nsomba chifukwa cha kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa zinyama zapamwamba.[7][9][5] Kafukufuku wa sayansi wasonyeza kuti mahomoni achilendo amatha kusintha kugonana kwa nsomba zomwe sizimamva kusintha kumeneku.[12][2] Ndi chithandizo choyenera, nsomba zazing'ono ndi zazikulu zimatha kusinthidwa kukhala monophyletic kapena primary monophyletic populations. Monga mwamuna nsomba amakonda kukhala olemera komanso amakula mwachangu kuposa akazi, ukadaulo wowongolera kugonana umagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti achulukitse zokolola ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nsomba ndikuwonetsetsa chitetezo cha mahomoni akunja kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito.[4][12]

Kodi njira yosinthira kugonana kwa nsomba ndi chiyani?

Nsomba zimayang'anira ntchito yawo yoberekera ndikuzindikira phenotype yawo yomaliza mwa kuwongolera kakulidwe ndi kusiyanitsa kwa majeremusi.[14][5] Kuwongolera kwa mahomoni ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakuchita izi ndipo kumakhudza hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) ndi hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axs (HPT).[4][15][10][12]

HPG axis imaphatikizapo kutulutsidwa kwa gonadotropin-releasing factor (GnRH) ndi hypothalamus, yomwe imapangitsa kuti pituitary gland itulutse gonadotropin (GTH) yomwe imagwira ntchito pa gonads kulimbikitsa kaphatikizidwe ndi katulutsidwe ka estrogen ndi mahomoni komanso kuchuluka ndi kusasitsa kwa mahomoni. majeremusi.[6][5] HPT axis imaphatikizapo kutulutsidwa kwa thyrotropin-releasing factor (TRH) ndi hypothalamus, yomwe imapangitsa kuti pituitary gland itulutse mahomoni olimbikitsa a chithokomiro (TSH), omwe amakhudza chithokomiro cha chithokomiro kuti alimbikitse kaphatikizidwe ndi kutulutsa kwa mahomoni a chithokomiro. sinthani systemic metabolism.[7][14][13] Ndemanga zochokera ku estrogen ndi mahomoni a chithokomiro amayang'anira ntchito ya hypothalamus ndi pituitary gland kuti ikhalebe yokhazikika.[11][10][14]

Nsomba zikakumana ndi zinthu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kugonana kusinthe, monga chilengedwe kapena majini, machitidwe awiriwa amasintha, kusokoneza mgwirizano woyambirira wa amuna ndi akazi ndi kuyambitsa mndandanda wa jini, kuchuluka kwa maselo, ndi kukonzanso minofu yomwe pamapeto pake imayambitsa kusintha kwa kugonana. .[6][13][2]

· Nsomba ikasintha kuchoka yaimuna kupita yaikazi, imatha kudutsa njira izi:

①Kuwonongeka za makhalidwe amuna: machende anayamba kuchepa, umuna Kupanga kuchepa kapena kuyima, maselo a testicular stromal amachepa kapena kutha, ndipo ma testosterone amachepa.

②Mawonekedwe a akazi: Ovarian primordia imayamba kuwonjezeka, ma oocyte amayamba kuwonjezereka kapena kutsitsimuka, maselo a ovarian stromal amayamba kuonekera kapena kuwonjezeka, ndipo milingo ya estradiol imakula.

③Makhalidwe okhazikika achikazi: ovary okhazikika bwino, ovulation wamba, ovulation cycle kukhazikitsidwa, milingo yokhazikika ya estradiol, ndi zina zambiri.

· Nsomba ikatembenuka kuchoka yaikazi kupita yaimuna, imatha kudutsa njira zingapo:

①Kuchepa kwa mawonekedwe achikazi: mazira amayamba kuchepa, ma oocyte amayamba kuchepa kapena kuchepa, maselo a ovarian stromal amachepetsa kapena kutha, ndipo milingo ya estradiol imachepa, ndi zina zotero.[8][4]

②Mawonekedwe a amuna: testicular primordia imayamba kuchuluka, spermatogonia imayamba kuchulukira kapena kutsitsimuka, ma testicular stromal cell amayamba kuwoneka kapena kuwonjezereka, ndipo milingo ya testosterone imakula.

③Makhalidwe okhazikika aamuna: ma testes okhazikika bwino, kupanga umuna wamba, machitidwe okweretsa, milingo yokhazikika ya testosterone, ndi zina zambiri.

Kodi chinapangitsa kuti nsomba zisinthe n'chiyani?

Kusintha kugonana kwa nsomba ndizochitika zamoyo zomwe jenda la nsomba limasintha kuchoka yaimuna kupita yaikazi kapena mosiyana. Njirayi imatha kuchitika mwachilengedwe, koma imathanso kukhudzidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe komanso majini.

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(1) Gene:

Njira yodziwira kugonana kwa nyama kumatanthauza kuti zinthu zakunja za chilengedwe sizimakhudza momwe amasiyanitsira kugonana, ndipo majini amtundu wa ma chromosome ogonana amazindikira.[3][7][12][14] Jini yodziwira kugonana imayang'anira "njira yotsimikiza" ndikuyambitsa zochitika zosiyanasiyana zosiyanitsa kugonana.[14][8][9][13] Njira yodziwira kugonana kwa chibadwa imaphatikizapo kuyanjana kovuta kwa zochitika zamoyo, pamene zigawo zina kapena kuphatikizika kwa zigawo zomwe zili mumsewu zimatha kukhala zinthu zazikulu zomwe zimatsimikizira mayendedwe okhudzana ndi kugonana.[13][7]

(2) Kutentha:

Pakuswa mazira a nsomba, pamakhala nthawi yosamva kutentha (TSP), pomwe malangizo a kusiyanitsa kwa kugonana ndi chiŵerengero cha kugonana angasinthidwe ndi kukweza kapena kuchepetsa kutentha, kunyalanyaza mphamvu ya majini.[3] Kusintha kwa jenda kumatha kuchitika, monga momwe zimawonekera ku Nile tilapia, komwe akazi obadwa nawo amatha kukhala amuna obadwa nawo ngati athandizidwa pa kutentha kwa 36°C panthawi ya TSP.[12][3][9] Ma gonads a Nile tilapia amasintha kuchoka ku ovarian kupita ku testicular patatha masiku 21-39 umuna utatha, ndipo ma gonads aakazi obadwa nawo amasanduka ma testes enieni ngati amachiritsidwa ndi kutentha kwakukulu patatha masiku 99 pambuyo pa umuna, monga momwe VASA immunohistochemical staining ikusonyezera.[10]

(3) Mahomoni akunja:

Nsomba zimakhala ndi pulasitiki yolimba pogonana, ndipo malo akunja amatha kusinthidwa kuti asinthe phenotype ya nsomba.[11][12][4][1] Njira ziwiri zazikulu zolimbikitsira nsomba kuti zisinthe zimaphatikizanso kuwonjezera mahomoni kapena zoletsa.[15][14][11] Mahomoni achilendo amasintha mwachindunji kuchuluka kwa mahomoni kuti apangitse kusintha kwa kugonana, pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala omwe amapezeka monga 17-methyltestosterone, 11-ketotestosterone, 17-estradiol, pakati pa ena. Kapenanso, mankhwala osokoneza bongo amasokoneza mahomoni ndi zolandilira m'thupi, kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa mahomoni ogonana a nsomba, monga aromatase inhibitors.[14][11][13][2]

Momwe mungasinthire kugonana kwa nsomba?

Njira zazikulu zokwaniritsira kusinthika kwa kugonana kwa nsomba ndi monga kulowetsa mahomoni akunja, kusintha kwa chilengedwe, ndi kusintha kwa majini.[9][3][10]

(1) Kulowetsedwa kwa ma hormone kunja

Exogenous hormone induction imaphatikizapo kubayidwa kapena kuyika kwa mahomoni achimuna kapena aakazi mu nsomba, zomwe zimasintha ma gonads awo ndipo pamapeto pake kugonana kwawo.[9][5] Njirayi imalola kuti pakhale kuwongolera kwachiwerengero cha kugonana ndi uchembere wa nsomba, kupititsa patsogolo ulimi.[13][14] Mahomoni omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri amaphatikizapo 17-Methyltestosterone, ketotestosterone (11-KT), 17-estradiol (E2) ndi Letrozole.[6][8][7][15]

(2) Kusintha kwa chilengedwe

Chikoka cha chilengedwe chimakhudza kuwongolera kutentha, kuwala, kachulukidwe, kadyedwe, ndi zina za chilengedwe cha nsomba kuti zikhudze kuchuluka kwa timadzi tating'ono ting'onoting'ono ndi ma jini, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kusintha kwa kugonana.[3][5][7] Ngakhale kuti ndi zachilengedwe, njirayi ndi yosasinthika komanso yodziwikiratu poyerekeza ndi kulowetsedwa kwa mahomoni akunja.

(3) Kusokoneza ma gene

Kusokoneza ma gene kumaphatikizapo kusintha kapena kusamutsa ma chromosome kapena majini a nsomba kuti akhale ndi majini odziwira kuti ndi amuna kapena akazi kapena opanda ma jini ofunika kwambiri, kulola kuti kugonana kusinthe.[6][3][14][2] Njirayi ili ndi kuthekera kopanga zovuta ndi mawonekedwe atsopano, koma ndizovuta mwaukadaulo ndipo zimatha kudzutsa nkhawa zachitetezo ndi chikhalidwe.[5][14][7]

Ndi mahomoni ati omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri posintha kugonana kwa nsomba?

Mahomoni omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri posintha kugonana kwa nsomba ndi monga 17α-methyltestosterone (MT), estradiol-17β (E2), Estradiol-17β, ndi letrozole.

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(1) 17-Methyltestosterone ufa

· Kodi 17-Methyltestosterone powder ndi chiyani?

17-Methyltestosterone yomwe imadziwikanso kuti 17-alpha-Methyltestosterone, 17a-MT, methyltest kapena monga 17α-methylandrost-4-en-17β-ol-3-one, ndi mahomoni opangidwa ndi androgen omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazinthu zosiyanasiyana zachipatala komanso zopanda mankhwala. Ndi mawonekedwe osinthidwa a testosterone omwe amatengedwa pakamwa ngati ufa. Mankhwalawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza matenda monga kuchedwa kutha msinkhu, kuchepa kwa testosterone, khansa ya m'mawere mwa amayi, ndi kusintha kwa kugonana kwa nsomba.

· Kodi 17-Methyltestosterone powder amagwiritsidwa ntchito bwanji?

17-Methyltestosterone ufa ndi mawonekedwe opangidwa a hormone yamphongo ya testosterone. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala kuchiza matenda osiyanasiyana okhudzana ndi kuchepa kwa testosterone, monga kuchedwa kutha msinkhu amuna ndi khansa ya m'mawere mwa amayi.[3][13] Nthawi zina amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupititsa patsogolo masewera olimbitsa thupi kapena monga chowonjezera kuti awonjezere minofu. Kuonjezera apo, 17-methyltestosterone imagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri paulimi wa nsomba kuti akwaniritse cholinga chobwezeretsa kugonana kwa nsomba.[6][9]

①Kagwiritsidwe ntchito pachipatala

M'malo azachipatala, 17 Methyltestosterone ufa nthawi zambiri amaperekedwa kwa amuna odwala omwe akuchedwa kutha msinkhu. Izi zimachitika pamene matenda thupi sichimabala testosterone yokwanira, yomwe ingayambitse kuchedwa kukula kwa ziwalo zoberekera, kusowa kwa tsitsi la thupi, ndi kuchepa kwa minofu. Wolemba kuwonjezera ndi 17 Methyltestosterone powder, odwala amatha kuwonjezereka m'magulu a testosterone, omwe angalimbikitse chitukuko cha makhalidwe achiwiri a kugonana monga tsitsi la nkhope ndi mawu ozama.

Kuphatikiza apo, 17 Methyltestosterone ufa nthawi zina amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza khansa ya m'mawere mwa amayi.[1][8] Mankhwalawa amagwira ntchito poletsa kupangika kwa estrogen, yomwe ndi timadzi tambiri toyambitsa matenda a khansa ya m'mawere. Pochepetsa milingo ya estrogen, 17 Methyltestosterone ufa ukhoza kuthandizira kuchepetsa kukula kwa khansa ndikuwonjezera mwayi wa wodwalayo kuti achire.[1][15]

②Kugwiritsa ntchito mopanda mankhwala

Kunja kwa zoikamo zachipatala, 17 Methyltestosterone ufa nthawi zina amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi othamanga ndi omanga thupi ngati mankhwala owonjezera ntchito.[14] Amakhulupirira kuti amawonjezera minofu, mphamvu, ndi kupirira, zomwe zingathandize othamanga kupititsa patsogolo masewera awo.[15][7] Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito ufa wa 17 Methyltestosterone mwa njira iyi sikuloledwa ndipo kungayambitse zotsatira zoopsa za thanzi.

③ Kugwiritsa ntchito ulimi wa m'madzi

MT (17α-Methyltestosterone) ndi androgen yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti 100% chiwerengero cha amuna chikhoza kupezeka pogwiritsa ntchito 50 ug / g MT kuchiza Oreochromis niloticus wamkazi; pogwiritsa ntchito 400 ug/ml wa MT pochiza kuswa Oncorhynchus tshawytscha atha kupeza 100% kuchuluka kwa amuna; feteleza Cyprinus carpio adathandizidwa ndi 5 ug/ml ya MT yonyowa njira kwa maola 75 kenako kudyetsedwa ndi 50 mg/kg ya MT tsiku lililonse kwa 40 mpaka masiku 70, ndipo 100% ana aamuna amatha kupezeka.

· Ndi nsomba ziti zomwe nthawi zambiri zimathandizidwa ndi ufa wa 17-methyltestosterone?

Pali mitundu ingapo ya nsomba zomwe nthawi zambiri zimathandizidwa ndi MT, kuphatikiza tilapia, trout, ndi nsomba za Atlantic.

① Tilapia

Tilapia ndi imodzi mwa nsomba zomwe zimawetedwa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo MT imagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri posintha zogonana paulimi wa tilapia. Tilapia ndi nsomba ya m’madzi ofunda yomwe imachokera ku Africa ndipo tsopano ikulimidwa m’madera ambiri padziko lapansi. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa MT pa ulimi wa tilapia kwathandiza alimi kutulutsa nsomba za amuna onse, zomwe zimakula mofulumira komanso zofunika kwambiri pazamalonda.

②Trout ya utawaleza

Rainbow trout ndi nsomba yodziwika bwino yomwe imalimidwanso kuti apange chakudya.[8][9][14] MT nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito posinthana kugonana paulimi wa utawaleza kuti apange nsomba za amuna onse.[14] Mchitidwewu umathandizira kuti ntchito zoweta nsomba zikhale zogwira mtima pochepetsa kuchuluka kwa chakudya ndi zinthu zofunika pakuweta nsomba.[3]

③ Nsomba ya Atlantic

Salmoni ya Atlantic ndi mtundu wina wa nsomba zomwe nthawi zambiri zimathandizidwa ndi MT kuti zisinthe zogonana m'madzi. Salmoni ndi nsomba ya m'madzi ozizira yomwe imapezeka kumpoto kwa Atlantic ndipo imalimidwa kwambiri kuti ikhale chakudya. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa MT mu ulimi wa salimoni kumathandiza kutulutsa nsomba za amuna onse, zomwe zimakhala zofunika kuti zikule mofulumira komanso kukula kwake.

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(2)ketotestosterone (11-KT)

· Ketotestosterone (11-KT) ndi chiyani?

Ketotestosterone (11-KT) ndi mahomoni achilengedwe a androgen omwe amapangidwa mu testes ndi adrenal glands a nsomba.[12][2] Ndi androgen yamphamvu yomwe imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakukula kwa ziwalo zoberekera za amuna, mawonekedwe achiwiri ogonana, komanso machitidwe a nsomba.[11][13] Ketotestosterone (11-KT) ndi yofanana ndi testosterone koma imakhala ndi mgwirizano wapamwamba wa androgen receptors, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti androgen ikhale yamphamvu kuposa testosterone.[6][9][13][11]

Kodi Ketotestosterone (11-KT) amagwiritsidwa ntchito chiyani?

Ketotestosterone, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti 11-KT, ndi hormone yomwe imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu ubereki wa nyama zambiri, makamaka nsomba ndi amphibians.[7][4] Ndi mtundu wa androgen, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ndizomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mawonekedwe a amuna.[7][3][8][11]

①Kusintha kugonana kwa nsomba

Chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi ketotestosterone (11-KT) ndikulowetsa kusintha kwa kugonana mu nsomba.[10][12][13] Hormoni iyi imakhala yothandiza kwambiri pakupangitsa kusintha kwa kugonana kwa amuna ndi akazi mu nsomba, makamaka zamoyo monga tilapia, salmon, ndi catfish.[12][5]

②Kupititsa patsogolo kukula kwa nsomba

Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti ketotestosterone (11-KT) ikhoza kulimbikitsa kupanga kukula kwa hormone ndi kukula kwa insulini mu nsomba, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ziwonjezeke mofulumira komanso kuwonjezeka kwa thupi.[9][8]

③Kupititsa patsogolo chitetezo chamthupi cha nsomba

Ketotestosterone (11-KT) yasonyezedwa kuti ili ndi immunomodulatory properties mu nsomba, kutanthauza kuti ingathandize kusintha chitetezo cha mthupi cha nsomba ku matenda ndi matenda.[1][6] Izi ndizofunikira makamaka m'malo odyetserako zam'madzi, pomwe nsomba nthawi zambiri zimakumana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso zovuta zachilengedwe zomwe zimatha kufooketsa chitetezo chawo.[7][9][5]

• Ndi nsomba ziti zomwe nthawi zambiri zimathandizidwa ndi 11-KT?

Mitundu ya nsomba monga tilapia, catfish, ndi salmonids nthawi zambiri imathandizidwa ndi 11-KT.[7][5][6]

① Tilapia

Mu tilapia, 11-KT imagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga amuna onse kuti apange malonda.[10][2] Tilapia ndi nsomba yamtengo wapatali kwambiri, ndipo kupanga mitundu yambiri ya amuna ndikofunika kuti ulimi ukhale wabwino.[13][111][5][1] Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa 11-KT mu tilapia kwapezeka kuti n'kothandiza popanga amuna omwe ali ndi kukula kwakukulu, kudya bwino, komanso kukana matenda.[1]

②Mphaka

Mu nsomba zam'madzi, 11-KT imagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga amuna omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito poweta.[15] Izi zili choncho chifukwa amuna amakula mofulumira komanso amasinthasintha bwino chakudya kusiyana ndi akazi.[12][5][14] Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa 11-KT mu nsomba zam'madzi kwapezekanso kuti n'kothandiza popanga amuna omwe ali ndi makhalidwe apamwamba, monga kukana matenda komanso kupititsa patsogolo nyama.[12][10][10]

③ Salmonids

Mu Salmonids, monga trout ndi salimoni, amathandizidwanso ndi 11-KT. Mu mitundu ya nsombazi, 11-KT imagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga amuna omwe amakula mwachangu kuti apange malonda.[8] Kuphatikiza apo, 11-KT imagwiritsidwanso ntchito kupanga amuna kuti azingowedza nsomba, popeza nsomba za salimoni zaamuna nthawi zambiri zimakhala zofunika kwambiri kwa osodza.[11]

(3) Estradiol-17 beta

Kodi Estradiol-17 beta ndi chiyani?

Estradiol-17 beta ndi mahomoni achilengedwe a estrogen omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazamoyo zam'madzi posintha kugonana kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nsomba.[11] Hormone iyi imagwira ntchito polimbikitsa kukula kwa mawonekedwe achikazi ndikuletsa kukula kwa mawonekedwe aamuna mu nsomba.[5][3][1]

Kodi Estradiol-17β amagwiritsidwa ntchito chiyani?

Estradiol-17 beta ndi mahomoni omwe amapangidwa mwachilengedwe m'thupi ndipo amakhala m'gulu la mahomoni a estrogen.[4][15][6] Zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakukulitsa ndi kusamalira ziwalo zoberekera za amayi komanso mawonekedwe amtundu wachiwiri.[11][1][4][9] Estradiol-17 beta imapezekanso ngati mankhwala ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana zachipatala.

①Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)

Chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi Estradiol-17 beta ndi mankhwala obwezeretsa mahomoni (HRT) kwa amayi omwe asiya kusamba.[13][6][3][12] Kutha kwa msambo ndi njira yachilengedwe yachilengedwe yomwe imatsimikizira kutha kwa zaka zakubadwa za mkazi.[15] Amadziwika ndi kuchepa kwa kupanga kwa estrogen, zomwe zingayambitse zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana monga kutentha, kuuma kwa ukazi, ndi kusintha kwa maganizo.[15][14][9][12] HRT yokhala ndi Estradiol-17 beta ingathandize kuthetsa zizindikirozi ndikuchepetsa chiopsezo cha matenda osteoporosis ndi mavuto ena azaumoyo okhudzana ndi kuchepa kwa estrogen.[4]

②Kuchiza khansa ya m'mawere

Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwina kwa beta ya Estradiol-17 ndikuchiza mitundu ina ya khansa ya m'mawere.[7][5][14] Estrogen ikhoza kulimbikitsa kukula kwa khansa ya m'mawere, choncho mankhwala omwe amaletsa kupanga kapena ntchito ya estrogen amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthandizira kuchepetsa kapena kuletsa kukula kwa maselo a khansa.[10][15][11][4] Komabe, nthawi zina, Estradiol-17 beta imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza khansa ya m'mawere. Izi zili choncho chifukwa khansa zina za m'mawere zimakhudzidwa ndi estrogen ndipo zimafuna kuti estrogen ikule.[11][7][4] Pazifukwa izi, Estradiol-17 beta ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuletsa kupanga kwa estrogen m'thupi, zomwe zingachepetse kapena kuletsa kukula kwa maselo a khansa.[6][4][13]

③Kusintha kugonana kwa nsomba

Estradiol-17 beta fish reversal ndi njira yodziwika bwino yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'zamoyo zam'madzi kusokoneza kugonana kwa nsomba pofuna kuchita malonda.[11][5][8] Estradiol-17 beta ndi mahomoni opangidwa omwe amatsanzira ma estrogen achilengedwe m'thupi, omwe amatenga gawo lofunikira pakudziwitsa za kugonana kwa nsomba.[2][3][14][13] Popereka hormone iyi pazigawo zapadera za kukula kwa nsomba, ndizotheka kuchititsa kuti nsomba ikhale yachikazi kapena masculinization.[8][1]

• Ndi nsomba ziti zomwe nthawi zambiri zimathandizidwa ndi Estradiol-17?

Pali mitundu ingapo ya nsomba zomwe nthawi zambiri zimathandizidwa ndi beta estradiol-17, kuphatikiza nsomba zam'madzi, carp, ndi tilapia.[2]

①Channel nsomba zam'madzi

Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) ndi mtundu wa nsomba zodziwika bwino za m'madzi am'madzi zomwe zimamera m'madzi.[15][5][8] Mbalame zam'madzi zimakhala ndi maliseche, amuna omwe amakhala ndi ma papillae otalikirapo ndipo akazi amakhala ndi papilla yozungulira, yotuwa kwambiri.[11][14][15] M'zamoyo zam'madzi, nsomba zam'madzi zimathandizidwa ndi estradiol-17 beta kuti apange akazi onse.[14][15][6] Izi ndichifukwa choti catfish yachikazi imakula mwachangu komanso yayikulu kuposa yaimuna, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yopindulitsa kwambiri pochita malonda.[1]

②Zovuta

Carp (Cyprinus carpio) ndi mtundu wina wotchuka wa nsomba zam'madzi zomwe zimamera m'madzi.[3][7][6] Monga nsomba zam'madzi, carp ndi dimorphic pogonana, amuna amakhala ndi ma tubercles pamutu pawo ndipo akazi amakhala ndi thupi lozungulira. M'zamoyo zam'madzi, carp amathandizidwa ndi estradiol-17 beta kuti apange kuchuluka kwa akazi pazifukwa zofanana ndi nsomba zam'madzi.[7][6][4][12]

③Tilapia

Tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) ndi gulu la nsomba za m'madzi opanda mchere zomwe zimalimidwa m'madzi chifukwa cha kukula kwake komanso kulimba kwawo.[9][7][1][6] Tilapia amakhalanso ndi dimorphic pogonana, ndipo amuna amakhala ndi mitundu yowala komanso zipsepse zazitali zam'mimba kuposa zazikazi.[6][10][2] Mu ulimi wa m'madzi, tilapia amathandizidwa ndi estradiol-17 beta kuti apange amuna onse.[1][3] Izi zili choncho chifukwa tilapia yamphongo imakula mofulumira komanso yaikulu kuposa yaikazi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zopindulitsa kwambiri pochita malonda.[14][2]

(4)Letrozole ufa

Kodi ufa wa Letrozole ndi chiyani?

Letrozole ufa ndi mankhwala amene ali m'gulu la mankhwala otchedwa aromatase inhibitors. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pochiza khansa ya m'mawere mwa amayi omwe ali ndi postmenopausal. Maselo a khansa ya m'mawere amafuna estrogen kukula, ndi Letrozole Powder letrozole imagwira ntchito poletsa kupanga estrogen m'thupi. Izi zimachepetsa kuchuluka kwa estrogen yomwe imapezeka ku maselo a khansa, kuchepetsa kapena kuletsa kukula kwawo.

Kodi ufa wa Letrozole umagwiritsidwa ntchito bwanji?

Letrozole ufa ndi wa gulu la mankhwala otchedwa aromatase inhibitors, omwe amagwira ntchito mwa kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa estrogen yopangidwa m'thupi.[9] Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pochiza khansa ya m'mawere ya amayi ndi kusabereka.[15][14][4][5] Panthawi imodzimodziyo, imagwiranso ntchito pa kusintha kwa kugonana kwa nsomba.[13][6][7][5]

①Kuchiza khansa ya m'mawere

Letrozole Powder ndi mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza khansa ya m'mawere.[13] Zingathandizenso kuti khansa ya m'mawere isabwererenso.[5][14][10]Amaperekedwa makamaka kwa amayi omwe adutsa nthawi yosiya kusamba ndipo ali ndi mtundu wa khansa yotchedwa "hormone-dependent" khansa ya m'mawere.[3][12]

②Kulimbikitsa ndi Kuchulukitsa Ovulation

Kuphatikiza pa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake pochiza khansa ya m'mawere, letrozole ufa ungagwiritsidwenso ntchito pochiza za kusabereka. Kwa amayi omwe akuvutika kuti akhale ndi pakati, letrozole ingathandize kulimbikitsa kutuluka kwa ovulation mwa kupondereza kupanga kwa thupi kwa estrogen. Pochepetsa kuchuluka kwa estrogen m'thupi, letrozole ikhoza kulimbikitsa kupanga follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), yomwe imayambitsa kuyambitsa ovulation.[2][8]

③Kukwaniritsa kusintha kwa kugonana kwa nsomba

Letrozole ndi mankhwala omwe adziwika kwambiri m'makampani opanga zam'madzi chifukwa cha kuthekera kwake kupangitsa kuti nsomba zisinthe. Kusintha kugonana ndi njira yomwe mawonekedwe ogonana a nsomba amasinthidwa, makamaka kuchokera ku yaikazi kupita yamphongo, kapena mosemphanitsa.[13][4] Njirayi imakhala ndi ntchito zambiri pazaulimi, kuphatikizapo kupanga amuna onse, zomwe zingathe kuonjezera kukula ndi kuchepetsa nkhani zokhudzana ndi kubereka.[13]

Letrozole imagwira ntchito poletsa kupanga kwa estrogen, timadzi timene timagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakukulitsa mawonekedwe a kugonana kwa akazi.[14][8][10][11] Pochepetsa kuchuluka kwa estrogen m'thupi la nsomba, letrozole imatha kuyambitsa kukula kwa mikhalidwe ya amuna, monga ma testes ndi mawonekedwe achiwiri ogonana amuna.

Kodi ndi nsomba ziti zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi letrozole?

Letrozole amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyambitsa mamuna mu mitundu ya nsomba zazikazi, monga tilapia, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimalimidwa chifukwa cha nyama yawo.

① Tilapia

Tilapia ndi imodzi mwa nsomba zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi letrozole. Mankhwalawa amawonjezeredwa ku chakudya cha nsomba, ndipo pakapita nthawi, amachititsa kuti nsomba zachikazi zikhale ndi makhalidwe aamuna, monga kuchuluka kwa minofu ndi mawonekedwe a thupi. Njira imeneyi imatchedwa “kubwezeretsa kugonana,” ndipo n’chizoloŵezi chofala m’makampani opanga nsomba za m’madzi kupanga nsomba zokhala ndi makhalidwe abwino.[11][10]

②Mphaka ndi barramundi

Mitundu ina ya nsomba zomwe zimathandizidwa ndi letrozole ndi nsomba zam'madzi ndi barramundi.[7][12][14][4] Mu mitundu iyi, letrozole imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'anira nthawi yobereka.[7][5][11] Popereka letrozole kwa nsomba zazikazi, akatswiri amadzi amatha kuchedwetsa kutha msinkhu ndikuwonjezera nthawi yomwe nsomba zimatha kukolola. Izi zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zokolola zambiri za nsomba.[8][15][10]

Njira zoyendetsera mahomoni

M'zamoyo zam'madzi, kusintha kwa nsomba zogonana ndizofala kwambiri popanga mitundu yonse ya amuna, zomwe zimawonetsa kukula mwachangu komanso kusintha kwabwino kwa chakudya kuposa kuchuluka kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Kuwongolera mahomoni ndi njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakupangitsa kuti nsomba zisinthe. Pali njira zitatu zazikuluzikulu zoyendetsera ma hormoni pakusintha kugonana kwa nsomba: kuwongolera m'kamwa, jekeseni, ndi kumiza.

( 37 16 32 )↗

(1) Kuwongolera pakamwa

Kuwongolera pakamwa kumaphatikizapo kusakaniza mahomoni ndi chakudya ndikupereka pakamwa ku nsomba.[13][6] Njirayi ndiyosavutikira komanso yovutitsa kwambiri kuposa jekeseni, koma imafuna kuti nsomba zizidya chakudya chopangidwa ndi mahomoni nthawi zonse, zomwe zingakhale zovuta kukwaniritsa. Komanso, mlingo wa mahomoni ukhoza kusiyana pakati pa nsomba imodzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zotsatira zosagwirizana.[15][10][6][2]

(2) Jekeseni

Kubaya jekeseni kumaphatikizapo kubaya jekeseni wa timadzi ta m’minyewa ya nsombayo. Njirayi ndi yothandiza kwambiri komanso yodalirika, popeza hormone imaperekedwa mwachindunji m'magazi.[9] Komabe, pamafunika luso komanso ukadaulo kuti jekeseniyo ajambule bwino, ndipo imatha kuyambitsa kupsinjika ndi kuwonongeka kwa minofu ya nsomba.[14]

(3) Kumiza

Kumiza kumaphatikizapo kumiza nsomba m'bafa lomwe lili ndi mankhwala a mahomoni. Njira imeneyi ndiyo yowongoka komanso yosavuta kuchita, chifukwa imafunika kugwira nsomba zochepa.[15][6][14] Ndizoyeneranso ntchito zazikulu.[5][13][9][3] Komabe, kuchuluka kwa mahomoni ndi nthawi yowonekera ziyenera kuyang'aniridwa mosamala kuti zisawononge thanzi la nsomba ndi moyo.

Pomaliza, kusankha njira yoyendetsera mahomoni kumatengera zinthu zingapo, kuphatikiza mitundu ya nsomba, kuchuluka kwa anthu, komanso zinthu zomwe zilipo.[11][5][12] Mosasamala kanthu za njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito, kayendetsedwe ka mahomoni ndi chida champhamvu chothandizira kusintha kwa kugonana mu nsomba, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale chiwerengero cha amuna onse kuti azikhala m'madzi.[8][15][4]

Ubwino wa kusintha kwa nsomba ndi chiyani?

Kusintha kugonana kwa nsomba, komwe kumadziwikanso kuti kusintha kwamtundu wa nsomba, ndi njira yomwe kugonana kwa nsomba kumasinthidwa mwachisawawa kuchoka pamtundu wake woyambirira kupita kumtundu wina. Njirayi ili ndi maubwino ambiri ndipo yakhala yofunika kwambiri pamakampani opanga zam'madzi.

( 19 25 22 )↗

(1) Kuletsa jenda la nsomba

Ubwino umodzi wa kusintha kwa kugonana kwa nsomba ndikuti umalola kuwongolera jenda la nsomba. Izi ndi zofunika kwambiri pa ulimi wa m’madzi chifukwa zimathandiza alimi kupanga nsomba zamtundu womwe akufuna, zomwe zingawonjezere mphamvu ndi phindu la ulimi wa nsomba.[9][8][10] Mwachitsanzo, tilapia yamphongo imakula mofulumira ndipo imakhala ndi zokolola zambiri kuposa zazikazi, choncho kusinthana kwa kugonana kungagwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga chiwerengero cha amuna onse kuti akule bwino.[2][13]

(2) Zokolola zambiri ndi phindu

Ubwino wina wa kusintha kwa kugonana kwa nsomba ndikuti ukhoza kubweretsa zokolola zambiri komanso phindu.[11][6][1][4] Popanga nsomba zamtundu womwe akufuna, alimi atha kukulitsa luso la ntchito zawo ndi kupanga nsomba zambiri kuti zigulitsidwe.[4][12][10] Izi zitha kubweretsa phindu lalikulu kwa alimi komanso kupezeka kwa nsomba zambiri kwa ogula.[6][1][11][8]

(3) Kuchepetsa mphamvu ya chilengedwe

Kuphatikiza pa zabwino izi, kusintha kwa kugonana kwa nsomba kungayambitsenso kuchepa kwa chilengedwe. Popanga chiwerengero cha amuna onse, alimi amatha kuchepetsa nsomba zomwe zimayenera kudulidwa, zomwe zingachepetse zinyalala komanso kupewa. zotsatira zoipa pa chilengedwe.[13][11]

Kodi kuipa kwa nsomba zogonana ndi chiyani?

Kusintha kugonana kwa nsomba ndi njira yosokoneza kugonana kwa nsomba kuti akwaniritse chiŵerengero cha kugonana komwe amafunidwa ndi zolinga zamalonda. Ngakhale kuti yakhala yopambana poonjezera zokolola za minda ya nsomba, ilinso ndi zovuta zingapo.

( 17 12 22 )↗

(1)Mahomoni otsalira m’za nsomba

Vuto limodzi lomwe lingakhalepo ndi kukhalapo kwa zotsalira za mahomoni muzakudya za nsomba. Zotsalirazi zitha kuyika chiwopsezo chaumoyo kwa ogula komanso zitha kuyambitsa nkhawa zachitetezo ndi ubwino wa nsomba.[7][10][1][8]

(2)Zoyipa zomwe zingawononge thanzi la nsomba ndi machitidwe

Vuto linanso lakusintha kwa kugonana kwa nsomba ndi zotsatira zoipa pa thanzi la nsomba ndi khalidwe. Nsomba zomwe zimasinthidwa pogonana zimatha kusintha thupi ndi machitidwe awo, zomwe zingayambitse mavuto a thanzi kapena zotsatira zina zoipa.[8][6]

(3) Kuopsa kwa kuipitsidwa kwa mahomoni m'chilengedwe

Pomaliza, pali chiwopsezo cha kuipitsidwa kwa mahomoni m'chilengedwe.[15][11][4][7] Mahomoni omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito posintha kugonana kwa nsomba amatha kulowa m'chilengedwe ndikusokoneza zamoyo zina, zomwe zingayambitse kusokonezeka kwa chilengedwe ndi zovuta zina zachilengedwe.[4][9]

Malamulo okhudza kusintha kugonana kwa nsomba

Kubwezeretsanso nsomba zogonana ndi njira yofunikira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito polima m'madzi kuti ipangitse amuna onse kuti akule mwachangu komanso kuti asatengeke ndi matenda. Komabe, kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa mahomoni poweta nsomba kwadzutsa nkhaŵa ponena za kutha kwa thanzi ndi chilengedwe.[7][1][8] Choncho, malamulo okhudza kusintha kwa kugonana kwa nsomba ndizofunikira kuti zitsimikizire chitetezo ndi kukhazikika kwa mchitidwewu.[2][4]

(1) Malamulo ndi malangizo ogwiritsira ntchito mahomoni pazamoyo zam'madzi

Malamulo ndi malangizo ogwiritsira ntchito mahomoni pazamoyo zam'madzi amasiyana pakati pa mayiko ndi zigawo.[15][12][8][7] Mwachitsanzo, European Union ili ndi malamulo okhwima okhudza kugwiritsa ntchito mahomoni m'zamoyo zam'madzi ndipo amafuna chilolezo asanagwiritse ntchito.[3] Ku United States, bungwe la Food and Drug Administration limayang'anira kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka mahomoni muzamoyo zam'madzi kudzera mu Center for Veterinary Medicine. Malamulowa ndi malangizowa akufuna kuwonetsetsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mahomoni mu ulimi wa nsomba ndi otetezeka kwa anthu kumwa ndipo sikuwononga chilengedwe.

(2) Kuyang'anira ndi kuyang'anira zotsalira za timadzi mu nsomba ndi chilengedwe

Kuyang'anira ndi kuyang'anira zotsalira za mahomoni muzakudya za nsomba ndi chilengedwe ndikofunikanso kuti awone zoopsa zomwe zingakhalepo zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mahomoni muzamoyo zam'madzi.[1][9][2] Zotsalira za mahomoni zimatha kuwunjikana mu minofu ya nsomba ndipo zimatha kusamutsidwa kwa anthu omwe amazidya.[1][3][9] Choncho, kuyang'anira zotsalira za timadzi mu nsomba ndizofunikira kuti zitsimikizire kuti ndizotetezeka kuti anthu azidya.[10][11][8] Kuphatikiza apo, kuyang'anira zotsalira za mahomoni m'chilengedwe kumatha kuthandizira kuzindikira komwe kungayambitse kuipitsa ndikuwunika momwe chilengedwe chimakhudzira chilengedwe.[3]

Kodi mungagule kuti mahomoni osintha kugonana kwa nsomba?

Ngati mukuyang'ana kugula mahomoni osintha kugonana kwa nsomba, pali zosankha zingapo zomwe zikupezeka m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Ena mwa mahomoni omwe amagulitsidwa kwambiri ndi 17-Methyltestosterone, Ketotestosterone, estradiol-17 beta, ndi letrozole. Nawa opanga ndi ogulitsa odziwika omwe mungawaganizire:

( 21 19 12 )↗

(1) AdvaCare:kampani yopanga mankhwala ndi zaumoyo yomwe imapereka mahomoni ogonana pofuna kusintha kugonana kwa nsomba m'mapiritsi monga 17-Alpha-Methyltestosterone ndi Letrozole. Mapiritsi a 17-methyltestosterone ndi 5 mg pa mlingo, ndi mapiritsi a 10 pa bokosi, pamene mapiritsi a letrozole ndi 2.5 mg pa mlingo, ndi mapiritsi a 10 pa bokosi.

(2)AASraw:kampani yomwe imagwira ntchito yopanga mankhwala opangira mankhwala opangira mankhwala (APIs) omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mayesero achipatala, kuphatikizapo 17-methyltestosterone ndi letrozole yaiwisi ya ufa. Iwo ali ndi kuthekera kokonza zopanga zazikulu ndikukwaniritsa zosowa zakugwiritsa ntchito pang'ono. Ndi akatswiri kafukufuku ndi chitukuko pakati, amaonetsetsa khalidwe ndi chiyero chawo 17-methyltestosterone ndi letrozole ufa. Amakhalanso ndi fakitale yodziyimira pawokha kuti awonetsetse kupezeka kwazinthu ndikuyesa mosamalitsa asanagulitse zida zogwiritsira ntchito.

(3)Kabir Sciences Life: nsanja yodziwika bwino yomwe imapereka mankhwala apamwamba kwambiri mankhwala kudzera mu mautumiki osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza kupanga mankhwala, chilolezo cha PCD, ndi kutumiza katundu wawo kumayiko ena. Amapereka mahomoni okhudzana ndi kugonana kwa nsomba, monga Ketotestosterone ndi estradiol-17 beta mu mawonekedwe a piritsi, ndipo ndondomeko yeniyeni ingapezeke pa dongosolo.

*Kusamala: Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kugulitsa zinthuzi kumayendetsedwa ndi malamulo, ndipo kuzipeza popanda chilolezo chovomerezeka n'koletsedwa ndipo kungakhale koopsa. Anthu omwe akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito 17-methyltestosterone ndi letrozole pazifukwa zachipatala ayenera kufunsa katswiri wazachipatala yemwe ali ndi chilolezo yemwe angapereke chitsogozo pakugwiritsa ntchito moyenera komanso magwero a mankhwalawa. Ndikofunikira kutsatira malangizo onse achitetezo ndi malamulo kuti mupewe zotsatira zoyipa.

AASraw ndi katswiri wopanga Letrozole powder & 17-methyltestosterone powder yomwe ili ndi labu yodziyimira pawokha komanso fakitale yayikulu ngati chithandizo, zonse zopanga zizichitika motsogozedwa ndi CGMP ndikuwongolera kachitidwe kabwino. Dongosolo loperekera ndi lokhazikika, maoda ogulitsa ndi ogulitsa ndi ovomerezeka.Takulandilani kuti mudziwe zambiri za AASraw!

Ndifikitseni Tsopano

Wolemba nkhaniyi:

Dr. Monique Hong adamaliza maphunziro awo ku UK Imperial College London Faculty of Medicine

Scientific Journal paper Wolemba:

1. Gang Wang
College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
2. zheng wanga
Zhongwu Material Research Institute, Changzhou 213164, China 34010, Turkey
3. Marcelo Mattos Pedreira
Dipatimenti ya Animal Sciences, Federal University of Jequitinhonha ndi Mucuri Valleys, Alto da Jacuba, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
4.Shawon Chakraborty
Dipatimenti ya Fish Biology ndi Genetics, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh

5.Arthur Francisco Araújo Fernandes

Dipatimenti ya Sayansi ya Zanyama ndi Zamkaka, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 472 Animal Science Building 1675, Observatory Dr., Madison, WI 53706, USA
Dokotala/wasayansiyu savomereza kapena kulimbikitsa kugula, kugulitsa, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa pazifukwa zilizonse. Aasraw alibe chiyanjano kapena ubale, wonenedwa kapena ayi, ndi dokotala uyu. Cholinga chotchula dokotalayu ndikuvomereza, kuvomereza ndi kuyamika ntchito yofufuza ndi chitukuko yomwe asayansi akugwira ntchitoyi.

Zothandizira

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